Low-impact

"Tearing down an old house and building a new one is the most wasteful thing we do as humans." - Grace Potter

Retrofitting is about existing buildings. Not everyone has the opportunity to build a natural home from scratch, but we can all take measures to upgrade an existing property - to improve comfort and performance, and reduce energy use and costs, which is what low-impact retrofitting is all about. Only 1% of housing stock is replaced each year. Most is old and very energy inefficient.

What we're not talking about here is a cosmetic / decor / style retrofit, for example replacing a bathroom or kitchen for the sake of it, or because the colour is wrong - i.e. things that actually increase energy use and costs.

A full retrofit involves a series of measures, from roof to ground, inside and out, to tackle all issues around comfort and energy use. Key to a successful retrofit is considering the property as a whole and deciding on all the appropriate measures for that particular building (all buildings are unique). And of course the measures you choose will fall within your personal constraints of time, potential disruption, budget and ultimate aims.

There's a logical order to retrofitting, and although you don't have to stick to it rigidly, it makes sense to sort out repairs and insulation before you start thinking about installing solar panels, for example. This is our suggested order:

• Design
• Repairs
• Breathability & damp
• Ventilation
• Airtightness
• Insulation - including loft, walls, floors and hot water cylinders
• Heating
• Lighting and appliances
• Energy generation

Most people don't really understand the fabric of their buildings, and so we tend to put all the responsibility for a retrofit project onto the builder who gives the quote. It's in your interest to have some knowledge beforehand, or you could end up spending more money than necessary and/or making the wrong decisions. Lack of understanding leaves you open to unwittingly using materials that can be damaging, and require more work (and money) to put right later.

In post-war Britain, there was an explosion in products from the petrochemical industry. Pre-war, homes tended to be draughty and damp, and plastics were seen as the solution - wonder products that were light, hard-wearing and waterproof. Petrochemical-based products such as vinyl paints and wallpapers, synthetic sealants and plastic sheeting were used to waterproof our homes, creating unhealthy internal environments due to condensation and mould. The synthetic measures didn't increase the comfort of the property, and created as many problems as they solved. Trapped moisture in houses is unhealthy for people, and moisture trapped in the fabric of the building is damaging for the building itself. Breathability and ventilation are essential ingredients of the retrofit concept. Without them, a building and its inhabitants will suffer. Petrochemical-based products prevent breathability. Also, in the past we have tended to prioritise total draught exclusion without giving enough consideration to ventilation.

The main benefits of a good retrofit are:

• lower energy costs
• greater comfort
• healthier internal environment for you and your family
• protection of your property, so that it lasts much longer, and won't require expensive repairs in future
• reduced energy use resulting in lower emissions of carbon and pollutants (the vast majority of properties today will still be occupied in 50 years time, and so we can't address overall carbon emissions just by focusing on new buildings)

A good, low-energy retrofit is part of an attitude that sees your property as a home, a positive space to share with your family and friends, rather than just a source of profit. By planning properly, and implementing the measures that you can, you get to understand your house, protect the fabric of the building, increase the comfort of day-to-day living and help to protect the natural environment.

Here's a free manual: An Introduction to Low Carbon Domestic Refurbishment

First, learn about the fabric of your building. Talk to people, attend a course, read books, research online, learn about what it's made of, and how you can work with that to achieve the best level of comfort. For example, if you have a stone building in a wild location, lashed by wind and rain, then make the core living area cosy, and have more active areas elsewhere. Remind yourself of the original purpose of the building and adapt your behaviour accordingly.

Secondly, although the types of measures you carry out can range from simple behavioural changes right up to a total redesign and installation of new technologies, the simpler measures can be very effective. Even if you're a tenant, you can address some behavioural and other methods without large-scale building works. Examples of simple measures include:

• removing non-breathable decor surfaces, e.g. vinyl wallpapers, vinyl silk paint, polystyrene etc.
• increasing ventilation into a bathroom or a room with condensation problems; this doesn't have to cost anything - it could be as easy as opening a window for 15 minutes a day, or it could involve installing a fan
• having showers instead of baths; not having a tumble dryer
• heating the room before a shower (so that moisture won't condense), and then opening the window afterwards (so that the moist air can escape)
• reinstating / re-opening air bricks
• repairing chimney stacks
• fixing downpipes, clearing gutters - all the things that keep water hanging around
• ensuring that you can heat each room independently by having thermostatic valves on all radiators
• simple energy-saving behaviour like turning thermostats down so that you're not expecting to be wearing t-shirts in January; not leaving equipment on standby; buying energy-efficient appliances
• switching to a green electricity provider
• using natural, breathable paints
• reducing overall consumption - the benefits of other measures can be wiped out by purchasing lots of new, unnecessary equipment and fittings

Thirdly, create a 'whole house' ideal retrofit plan, of all appropriate measures possible. Use professional help at this stage, especially if you're thinking of implementing serious structural measures, as getting it wrong can be costly and damage your property. This professional could be a builder, an architect, a surveyor or a consultant - someone with practical experience who understands the issues. It will take a little work to find the right person, but talk to neighbours or friends who've had similar work done, call your council helpline and ask for advice, check the AECB website, research online. It's then up to you to decide if they're the right person for the job. There will always be compromises, but stick to your guns when it comes to environmental measures.

When you have your ideal plan, assess it in terms of your time frame, disruption, cost and your ultimate goals to create a project schedule. Then you can either obtain quotes to do the work, or training for DIY. Then get the work done and reap the benefits. Depending on time and money available, you may not carry out all the work in one go, but at least any piecemeal work will be part of an overall plan, and you can see if opportunities arise to carry out other work if there's disruption in a particular room or part of the house.

If you decide to pay for the work to be done, select your builder in the same way as you selected your advisor above (it may be the same person, or they may be able to recommend someone). But remember that you're the project manager - start talking about your project and listen to their responses. Let them suggest solutions, and check them against your understanding of the issues outlined above. You're looking for technical expertise and practical skills, but if you're in a position of knowledge, you can interview people on competence rather than on just their quote.

Thanks to Emma Winfield for information.

Charlie Baker got an architecture degree and became an accidental expert in low carbon retrofit while researching the work he carried out to his own home, Manchester’s first Superhome. He’s the project and technical lead for Your Home Better CIC - Greater Manchester’s ‘one stop shop’ for householders willing to pay for their own work. Working with other GM partners they’re looking to help those less able to pay and are launching other ways of designing retrofits to make them properly ready for a heat pump on a budget tailored to the customers. He’s also part of Red.coop, who set up the Retrofit Pattern Book. As part of an Innovate UK project with the University of Salford this is being updated to play a part in a more integrated retrofit software system. More information about Charlie's work here.

Date on Lowimpact:2013-10-24