navi:navigation

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 - how steep hills are (by how close contour lines are - the farther apart the lines, the gentler the slope, and the flatter the terrain). - how steep hills are (by how close contour lines are - the farther apart the lines, the gentler the slope, and the flatter the terrain).
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 - the lowest point in a valley if there is water running through it (represented by a blue line). - the lowest point in a valley if there is water running through it (represented by a blue line).
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 - what kind of terrain you’re in or what lies ahead (e.g. if there’s woodland and what kind it is). - what kind of terrain you’re in or what lies ahead (e.g. if there’s woodland and what kind it is).
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 - where areas of open access or pathways are. - where areas of open access or pathways are.
-    +- the distance to your destination.\\  The scale on a map gives the ratio of the distance between two points on the map and the real distance between the same two points on the ground. Scales vary but many maps are drawn at 1:10,000 - i.e. 1 of any unit of measurement on the map corresponds to 10,000 of that same unit on the ground.
  
-- the distance to your destination. The scale on a map gives the ratio of the distance between two points on the map and the real distance between the same two points on the ground. Scales vary but many maps are drawn at 1:10,000 - i.e. 1 of any unit of measurement on the map corresponds to 10,000 of that same unit on the ground. 
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 A [compass](http://nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/compass/) indicates direction. It has a magnetized metal needle that rotates to line up with the earth’s magnetic field, with the ends pointing north and south. Markings around the edge of the compass indicate east, west and positions in between. Compasses have one important flaw to be aware of: magnetic north and geographic north are not exactly the same. This discrepancy (known as [declination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_declination)) is greater the closer you are to the North or South Poles, where a few degrees out can put you miles off course. Compass readings therefore have to be adjusted to account for this. A [compass](http://nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/compass/) indicates direction. It has a magnetized metal needle that rotates to line up with the earth’s magnetic field, with the ends pointing north and south. Markings around the edge of the compass indicate east, west and positions in between. Compasses have one important flaw to be aware of: magnetic north and geographic north are not exactly the same. This discrepancy (known as [declination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_declination)) is greater the closer you are to the North or South Poles, where a few degrees out can put you miles off course. Compass readings therefore have to be adjusted to account for this.
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 </figure> </figure>
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
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 ### Celestial navigation ### Celestial navigation
  
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  • Last modified: 2026/03/16 19:30
  • by asimong